Overall summary of LTE network

The term LTE stands for Long Term Evolution, which is also brought stability over mobile communication. In general, the mobile network is the process of data transmission that takes place in the air by the high quantity of data and transmission speed, which is better than the existing wireless communication standards.

“This article is highly focused on the general features of the LTE networks and the major functions of the general simulation process and the role and importance of the simulation in LTE networks along with our mastery over the chosen field!!”

Benefits of LTE simulation

• Traffic scheduling
• Radio/network parameters
• Data traffic control for nodes

These are the fundamental advantage of the LTE network, which mainly enables traffic control in data transferring. Here we provide you with the important modules for the simulation purpose given below

Purpose of important modules in the LTE simulation

LTE module: For the simulation of LTE, the LTE module itself can be used as the simulation module. This is one of the tested appropriate modules to perform the LTE network simulation.

Notable classes in LTE simulation

• GtpUser: it can be utilized to structure data tunnels among the peers of GTP
• TrafficFlowFilter: the prime duty of this class is to filter mapping and to detect and associate to an ID, which will be predictable at the initial GTP-U access

Purpose of LTE tools in simulation

• Veins LTE extension: this tool integrates the vein of LTE extension of OMNeT++ It permits vein to make the omnet serve as a Unified Open source structure among heterogeneous vehicular networks. For instance, if we integrating Wi-Fi, LTE, and IEEE 802.11p DSRC. The following are the functions of the integrated tool
• Resource simulation of cellular networks afforded by the SimuLTE in the LTE-based cellular networks.
• With the help of IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi; the IP connectivity sustenance and the models are afforded by INET structure
• The simulation models for the DSRC in the vehicular networks are continuously offered by the veins

In addition to our effective integrated tools, which is our sample used for the research purpose, we are having so many integration tools. Like the above-integrated tools, here we provide you with some other programming languages for the LTE network.

Programming languages in LTE simulation

• NS3 – C++
• OMNet++ – network files, C++
• And for the SimuLTE can be personalized entirely by simple pluggable interface as it is written in C++

All the above programming languages are important to perform the simulation process, particularly in LTE networking. In addition to our suggested programming languages, we provide you with the appropriate OS for simulation.

Supporting OS in LTE simulation

• Intel® Pentium(R) CPU G2030 @ 3.00GHz × 2 (Processor)
• 4 GB (RAM)
• 32-bit Operating System (System Type)

And the supporting OS are

• Ubuntu-14.04
• Windows-7 – 32 bit

The above are the important programming languages of the LTE. Its importance extends up to implementing the simulation with the above programming languages. Besides the OS, we provide you the versions of LTE tools.

Versions of LTE simulation tools

• OMNet++ –  5.1
• NS-3.31

The above are the important versions of the LTE tools that are apt to perform effective simulations over LTE networks. Along with the tools, we provide you with some of our network protocols as follows

Protocols in LTE simulation

• PDCP (Packet Data Convergence Protocol): the main function of the PDCP layer is to produce various security results. The security function involves ciphering and integrity protection. To afford security differentiated by time, the PCDP number of sequences will be joined with the PDCP layer.
• VoLTE/VoIP: it transmits the media components and the signaling components in the selected LTE path the other major process is packetizing the voice over internet protocol.

These are the important process of the protocols in the LTE network. These processes are helpful in simulation by obtaining effective results of the simulation in the LTE networks. Besides the protocols, we provide you subjects used in the LTE simulation

Remarkable subjects used in the LTE simulation

• Network Communication

With the help of the LTE network, we can activate the network communication in various scenarios like D2D communication, multi-hop communication, and basic access through eNodeB by having the base station as the center.

• Machine type communication

With the help of the LTE network, we can perform the LTE advanced machine type communication majorly in the cellular networks and various MTC devices. In this process, the MTC user requests the data service from the MTC server to distribute the data to various MTC devices by packet scheduling in the gateway.

These are the major areas where we can deploy the LTE network to get effective communication. Along with the subjects, we provide the result analysis given below

Empirical analysis of LTE simulation

• RSRQ (Reference Signal Received Quality): it calculates the number of resource blocks measures in the identical bandwidth. It analyzes the quality of the received signal and it alerts in the emergency scenario in case of RSRP is not capable of determining the re-selection of cells
• QoS: calculates the entire function and operation of the network in data transferring and copes data traffic and decreases the traffic into packet loss, latency, and throughput, improve PDR.
• RSRP: calculates the number of spectrum signals spread on the entire (RSSI) bandwidth and in the slender band (RSRP)

The mentioned metrics are used for the measurement of result analysis in the LTE network. Besides, we provide you with the subject wise modules for LTE simulation

Major subject wise modules in LTE simulation

There are so many modules for the LTE network. But to the best of our knowledge, LTE is the most appropriate module in NS3 using LTE. Following the modules, we provide you with syntax for LTE network.

Chief syntax in LTE Network Simulation

Void

EpcUeNas::Connect ()

{

  NS_LOG_FUNCTION (this);

  // tell RRC to go into connected mode

  m_asSapProvider->Connect ();

}

void

EpcUeNas::Connect (uint16_t cellId, uint16_t dlEarfcn)

{

  NS_LOG_FUNCTION (this << cellId << dlEarfcn);

  // force the UE RRC to be camped on a specific eNB

  m_asSapProvider->ForceCampedOnEnb (cellId, dlEarfcn);

  // tell RRC to go into connected mode

  m_asSapProvider->Connect ();

}

void

EpcUeNas::Disconnect ()

{

  NS_LOG_FUNCTION (this);

  m_asSapProvider->Disconnect ();

  SwitchToState (OFF);

}

void

EpcUeNas::ActivateEpsBearer (EpsBearer bearer, Ptr<EpcTft> tft)

{

  NS_LOG_FUNCTION (this);

  switch (m_state)

    {

    case ACTIVE:

      NS_FATAL_ERROR (“the necessary NAS signaling to activate a bearer after the initial context has already been set up is not implemented”);

      break;

    default:

      BearerToBeActivated btba;

      btba.bearer = bearer;

      btba.tft = tft;

      m_bearersToBeActivatedList.push_back (btba);

      break;

    }

}

bool

EpcUeNas::Send (Ptr<Packet> packet)

{

  NS_LOG_FUNCTION (this << packet);

  switch (m_state)

    {

    case ACTIVE:

      {

        uint32_t id = m_tftClassifier.Classify (packet, EpcTft::UPLINK);

        NS_ASSERT ((id & 0xFFFFFF00) == 0);

        uint8_t bid = (uint8_t) (id & 0x000000FF);

        if (bid == 0)

          {

            return false;

          }

        else

          {

            m_asSapProvider->SendData (packet, bid);

            return true;

          }

      }

      break;

    default:

      NS_LOG_WARN (this << ” NAS OFF, discarding packet”);

      return false;

      break;

    }

}

void

EpcUeNas::DoNotifyConnectionSuccessful ()

{

  NS_LOG_FUNCTION (this);

  SwitchToState (ACTIVE); // will eventually activate dedicated bearers

}

void

EpcUeNas::DoNotifyConnectionFailed ()

{

  NS_LOG_FUNCTION (this);

  // immediately retry the connection

  Simulator::ScheduleNow (&LteAsSapProvider::Connect, m_asSapProvider);

}

void

EpcUeNas::DoRecvData (Ptr<Packet> packet)

{

  NS_LOG_FUNCTION (this << packet);

  m_forwardUpCallback (packet);

}

The syntaxes may vary according to the application of the network. The above syntax we provide you is applicable for the EPC UE NAS process. Syntaxes are more important to perform any simulation process. Here are the applications in LTE simulation

Some real-time applications

Resource management in mobile applications

It uses the RRM (Radio Resource Management) schemes revolving at the location period of the LTE/LTE-A network. It includes the 2G,3G,4G, TVWS gateway, Wi-Fi gateway, HeNB gateway in an IP converged network, and in its energy-generating zone and mesh connectivity, etc.

Streaming multimedia application

In this application, the LTE network platform receives multimedia content. It is one among the real-time applications, where it is used for resource coordination on the application layer and provides inter-domain signaling for the QoS control.

Voice over IP

The voice/data are sent to the eNodeB station and it transmits the signals to the mobility management entity and through the gateway of SGW and PGW controlled by the internet, sends the data through the VoLGA Hardware, and enables the voice-over process to the UE.

Many real-time applications are using the LTE simulator. We displayed very few of them for your reference. For the research purpose, we can provide you with numerous applications for the research implement. 

Algorithms for LTE simulation

The fuzzy logic-based handover optimization algorithm

In this algorithm, the handover margin is needed to detect the trigger timing to achieve the perfect fuzzy logic. The plotted handover optimization method will be estimated and it is associated with four renowned algorithms to have maximum throughput in less handover per user when comparing to the optimization technique

MLB Mobility Load Balancing

This possible algorithm must reduce the ping-pong effect in the data transferring. And the cell edge user selection is concerned here and that has the 20% of throughput optimization.

Cooperative handover algorithm

It is based on the advanced relay system that improves the throughput of the system and it decreases the chances of handover outage process. This algorithm makes used on the distribution of the following functions,

• Carrier aggregation technology
• Conjunction with relay technology
• Rich resources of a high-frequency carrier
• Low-frequency carrier

Major Research Areas in LTE Networks

Multi-hop transmission

• Relay based Multi-hop transmission from one-hop relay from the base station to the M-UE and R-UE with the help of relay station at R-UE

• High peak data rates

• By using the spontaneous downlink peak data rate of 100 Mbps within a 20 MHz downlink spectrum distribution; we can perform the high peak data rate in the LTE network.

These areas are the major research areas in the LTE network domain as per the suggestion of our research team. And these areas are identified as the major research issues. In addition to the research areas, we provide you with the important process of LTE simulation.

Notable process in LTE simulation

The LTE network has four layers generally. In this, the physical layer has the data taken from the MAC transport channels and it concerns the link AMC power control and performs the cell search for the initial syncing process in the RRC layer, which includes the other measurements too. The lists of layers are

• Layer 1: Physical layer (physical channels, DL, OFDM, UL-SC-OFDM Simulation)
• Layer 2: MAC layer (transport channels, configuration, and measurements)
• Layer 3: RRC layer (NAS, IP)

These are the major process of the LTE simulator. To obtain effective results, it is almost enough to conduct this process. Following the process, we are providing you with the major steps included in the LTE network.

Significant steps in LTE simulation

The following are the four major steps taken among the user equipment and the base station to enable the network service. They are

• Sending the RA prelude
• Receiving the requesting reply
• Requesting for Radio Request Control
• Receiving reply for RRC connection

The above steps are considered to be the important process for performance analytics in LTE network. In extension with the steps, we afford you information on our best protocols used for LTE simulation

Our Best Routing protocols

• SSA

It is also called a signal stability-based Adaptive Routing protocol, which is used to request the selected routing. The route selection metric is the signal strength. Its main purpose is to detect the apt route to enhance the transmission better with low maintenance for the lifetime.

• DDR

It functions based on utilizing the memory configurations of certain versions that need particularized layout routing outlines. The best of this parameter lies in achieving the performance stipulations.

The above-mentioned protocols are our important protocols implemented in the LTE network. The protocols we displayed are our samples used for the research purpose. We have reached the end of this article. In addition to the protocols, we provide you with the project titles suggested by our project developers.

Innovative project ideas in LTE Network Simulation

• We can assist you in making projects on the sensing data transferring process in selected routing with the help of network simulation
• We can assist you in making projects on route selection and packet transmission process with the help of Long Term simulation
• We can assist you in making projects on sensed packet transmission process on the basis of the relay with the help of LTE simulation
• We can assist you in making projects on the packet transmission process with the help of LTE network
• We can assist you in making projects on cluster packet transmission process with the help of LTE network simulation

As the improvement of the networking into various domains and sub-domains, the research also spread its branches to every improving domain. Performing dissertation, thesis, and projects are your academy deciding authorities. So completing the entire research is an easy task from our experience, since we exceed the toughness with our excellence and knowledge with low-cost service. Moreover, we notify you not to miss this chance, as you can find no one better than us!!